District heating is a form of heat supply in which buildings are provided with space heating and often hot water through underground insulated pipelines. Users of district heating do not require their own heating system. Heat is generated in one or more central plants, for example, by burning biomass, coal, gas, waste, or through combined heat and power (CHP) systems, which produce electricity and heat simultaneously. Through the district heating network, the connected buildings are supplied. Hot water or steam is transported underground with minimal heat loss via a heat exchanger into the building's internal heating system. The cooled water is then returned to the production plant to be reheated.
According to the Consumer Center, district heating is particularly cost-effective when many users are connected to the heating network, offsetting the high costs of network expansion. The environmental friendliness of district heating depends on several factors. Currently, a large portion of Germany's energy mix still relies on fossil fuels, with approximately 30% derived from renewable energy sources such as geothermal energy. Depending on the energy source, district heating can be an efficient, centralized, space-saving, and sustainable form of heat supply.
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